Bombas de insulina (BI) / Insulin pumps (IP)

En la década pasada, el conocimiento sobre la historia natural y fisiopatogenia de la diabetes tipo 1 tuvo un importante crecimiento, particularmente en relación con predicción, heterogeneidad, patología pancreática y su epidemiología. Las mejoras tecnológicas específicamente en el desarrollo de bombas de insulina y sensores continuos de glucosa ayudan a los pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 en el desafío de la administración de insulina a largo plazo. A pesar de grandes inversiones sobre distintos aspectos de la enfermedad (financiación de proyectos, organizativos, educacionales, etc.) no existe hasta el momento la prevención ni la cura para la diabetes tipo 1, y sumado a esto la calidad sobre el manejo de la enfermedad es muy heterogéneo. Como el control glucémico mejora con un tratamiento intensificado (múltiples inyecciones de insulina), el número y frecuencia de eventos hipoglucémicos tienden a incrementarse. La hipoglucemia es generadora de cuadros de estrés, ansiedad y deterioro de la calidad de vida en los pacientes con diabetes. Una de las razones por las cuales existe gran dificultad de alcanzar los objetivos glucémicos en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 es la variabilidad en la absorción de la insulina inyectada en forma subcutánea, la que conlleva mayor e impredecible variabilidad en la concentración glucémica y todo esto en general se relaciona con valores elevados de hemoglobina glicosilada e hipoglucemia. La terapia con bomba de insulina se inició hace más de 30 años con el objetivo de mejorar el control en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1. El objetivo de esta revisión es actualizar las herramientas tecnológicas en el tratamiento de la diabetes. (AU)

Over the past decade, knowledge of the pathogenesis and natural history of type 1 diabetes has grown substantially, particularly with regard to disease prediction and heterogeneity, pancreatic pathology, and epidemiology. Technological improvements in insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors help patients with type 1 diabetes manage the challenge of lifelong insulin administration. Agents that show promise for averting debilitating disease-associated complications have also been identified. However, despite broad organisational, intellectual, and fiscal investments, no means for preventing or curing type 1 diabetes exists, and , globally, the quality of diabetes management remains uneven. As glycemic control improves with intensified insulin regimens, the frequency of hypoglycemia tends to increase. Hypoglycemia is the cause of considerable stress and anxiety, impaired well-being, and poor quality of life in patients with type diabetes. One reason for continued poor glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes is the erratic absorption and action of subcutaneously injected insulin, which lead to unpredictable swings in blood glucose concentrations, and those swings, in themselves, are associated with elevated glycated hemoglobin levels and hypoglycemia. Insulinpump therapy, or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, was introduced more than 30 years ago as a procedure for improving glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes. The primary goal is to perform an up date about the new technological tools in diabetes treatment. (AU)

Terapia com bomba de insulina no tratamento do diabetes tipo 1 / Insulin pump therapy in type 1 diabetes treatment

A evolução tecnológica proporciona o surgimento de novas formas de aplicação da insulina, na busca de maior conforto e comodidade para os pacientes, permitindo o controle adequado da glicemia e a redução das complicações em curto e longo prazo. A terapia com bomba de insulina está cada vez mais disseminada em todo o mundo, trazendo maior conforto e comodidade aos pacientes. Está associada à melhora do controle metabólico, maior aceitação da doença, menor risco de crises hipoglicêmicas, maior segurança de dose, maior facilidade de uso e à melhora da qualidade de vida dessa população. Os autores revisam a literatura médica quanto aos impactos do uso da bomba de insulina em relação à terapia convencional com seringas, no tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 1, entre 1992 e 2002. As bases de dados utilizadas foram MEDLINE e LILACS. Objetiva-se contribuir para o maior conhecimento dos aspectos farmacológicos, clínicos, indicações, vantagens e desvantagens da terapia com bomba de insulina em relação à terapia convencional com seringas no tratamento do diabetes mellitus tipo 1.

The new technology bring to us different kinds of insulin administration trying to improve the diabetics patients lives and reduce the risks of short and long term complications, such insulin pump therapy. The use of insulin pump therapy is desseminated all over the world. The most studies showed that this method is related to more comfort and commodity. It is associated to better glycemic control, it is more acceptable and it is related to reduce of hypoglycemic crisis. The use of insulin pump proportionate a better quality of live in this group of patients. This study results from a publication review about insulin pump therapy in type 1 diabetes from 1992 to 2002. This review is based on MEDLINE and LILLACS sites. The aim of this study is to promote the diffusion of the knowledge of the pharmalological, clinical, indications, advantages and disadvantages of insulin pump therapy versus insulin syringes in treatment of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.